Commonly known as apoplexy, cerebral stroke is the second most common cause of death and disability in the world. Stroke is the most common cerebrovascular disease causing high disability rate and mortality rates. The incidence rate varies greatly in different regions of the world and is closely related with diet and living habits. In recent years, the overall incidence rate has increased year by year. China is a country with high incidence of stroke. Results of the third survey on death causes published in 2008 show that cerebrovascular disease has risen to the first place among various causes, and there has been an increasing number of young-age patients: 10% to 15% of young and middle-aged patients develop symptoms before 45, and it is hard for stroke patients to restore health.
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Alzheimer's disease, commonly known as senile dementia, is a common neurodegenerative disease attacking central nervous system. The pathological features are mainly β-amyloid deposition in the brain, intracellular neurofibrillary tangles and neuron loss. Neuron loss is one of the root causes of functional impairment in Alzheimer's patients. As the disease progresses, patients with severe dementia will become completely dependent on caregivers and experience severe memory loss, with fragments of memory left. Patients will lose the ability of taking care of themselves in daily life and develop gatism, showing silence and limb stiffness. Results of health examination may indicate positive pyramidal tract signs and original reflections such as strong grip, groping and sucking. The patient would slip into coma eventually and usually die of infections and other complications.
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Traumatic brain/spinal injury is a penetrating injury mainly caused by traffic accidents, work injuries, violent incidents, etc. These injuries usually result in complete or partial transection of the brain/spinal nervous system, which in turn cause severe and permanent disabilities. Secondary progressive mechanisms of brain/spinal injury usually begin within a few minutes and develop within hours of being injured. The process of secondary progression is complex, which possibly involves mechanisms including ischemia, hypoxia, inflammation, edema, excitotoxicity, ion homeostasis and apoptosis.
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Skin aging is a series of complex biological changes that involve both endogenous and exogenous factors. Endogenous factors refer to the process of procedural natural aging that occurs as the skin ages. Exogenous factors refer to aging changes caused by environmental factors, including physical, chemical, biological and other factors. The most important type of skin aging is photoaging caused by repeated exposure to ultraviolet light. Ultraviolet rays can damage DNA directly and generate free radicals. Free radicals can trigger a series of damage changes inside and outside cells. As changes in cell levels accumulate, visible phenomenon of skin photoaging will occur.
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