Traumatic brain/spinal injury is a penetrating injury mainly caused by traffic accidents, work injuries, violent incidents, etc. These injuries usually result in complete or partial transection of the brain/spinal nervous system, which in turn cause severe and permanent disabilities. Secondary progressive mechanisms of brain/spinal injury usually begin within a few minutes and develop within hours of being injured. The process of secondary progression is complex, which possibly involves mechanisms including ischemia, hypoxia, inflammation, edema, excitotoxicity, ion homeostasis and apoptosis.
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Skin aging is a series of complex biological changes that involve both endogenous and exogenous factors. Endogenous factors refer to the process of procedural natural aging that occurs as the skin ages. Exogenous factors refer to aging changes caused by environmental factors, including physical, chemical, biological and other factors. The most important type of skin aging is photoaging caused by repeated exposure to ultraviolet light. Ultraviolet rays can damage DNA directly and generate free radicals. Free radicals can trigger a series of damage changes inside and outside cells. As changes in cell levels accumulate, visible phenomenon of skin photoaging will occur.
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Autoimmune disease is an inflammatory disorder in which the body's own immune system attacks normal cells. This disease can cause decreased and abnormal immunity, which ultimately leads to tissue damage or organ dysfunction. It can be divided into organ-specific autoimmune diseases and systemic autoimmune disease based on clinical manifestations.
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Osteoarthritis (OA) is also known as osteoarthrosis, senile arthritis, degenerative arthritis, and hypertrophic arthritis. Osteoarthritis is a chronic joint disease characterized by articular cartilage degeneration and secondary bone hyperplasia. Other features include progressive cartilage degradation, subchondral bone reconstruction, loss of joint space, formation of marginal callus, and loss of joint function. The disease is more common among middle-aged and older populations, and the number of female patients is bigger than male patients. Articular cartilage lesions and synovial lesions, joint swelling, and joint deformities are main causes for restricted activity of the elderly.
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